海岸带韧性景观理论与实践研究进展

【目的】全球气候变化加剧了沿海地区的受灾风险,探索海岸带韧性景观建设对保障沿海地区安全和可持续发展具有现实意义。【方法】通过文献计量和案例分析等方法对2002—2022年国内外相关研究文献和实践案例进行梳理,分别对海岸带韧性景观的概念、研究趋势、理论及实践研究概况4个部分展开述评。【结果】近20年来,国内外海岸带韧性景观理论研究和实践建设均呈增长趋势。其中,基于灾害适应性管理的海岸带风险管控、基于景观生态系统动态修复的海岸带韧性重塑、基于陆海统筹的海岸带景观资源开发与利用3个方面是当前理论研究的重点内容;实践热点则主要包括海岸带政策性韧性规划防灾、硬性及软性防御性基础设施建设和适应性漂浮工程技术措施应用3个方面。【结论】可为未来海岸带韧性景观理论体系完善及规划建设推进方面提供一定启示和参考,但是未来还需在加强海岸带景观系统动态机制和过程研究、促进多学科团队合作、完善相关法规制定及适应性景观技术探索等方面进一步深化。     

城市公园恢复性评价心理模型研究 ——基于环境偏好及场所依恋理论视角

环境偏好是游憩者对城市公园环境的一种评价,场所依恋是游憩者与城市公园之间的情感联结,而恢复性评价则是人在城市公园中感知到的心理健康效益。论述了环境偏好、场所依恋及恢复性评价之间的关系,借鉴自我调节理论,构建了城市公园恢复性评价心理模型,并以福州的9个城市公园为例,进行模型验证。结果表明,城市公园的恢复性评价心理路径有2条,分别是"环境偏好→恢复性评价"的简单影响路径和"环境偏好→场所依赖→场所认同→恢复性评价"的综合复杂影响路径。表明游憩者在城市公园中的恢复性感知是一个渐进式的心理感知过程,尤其是在具有场所依恋情感的环境中,经历了"环境认知评价→情感响应→情绪启动"的心理过程,认清这种复杂的心理路径对今后塑造更具恢复性的城市公园景观具有一定的指导借鉴意义。     

景观的发现与重构——南宁园博园 采石场花园设计

采石场伴随着人类文明而产生,也将伴随着人类社会的发展而长期存在。采石遗留的岩壁、岩石,以及地下水和雨水汇集形成的湖面水潭等构成了采石场景观的基础。采石场修复应当遵循自然规律,同时体现中国传统山水美学。南宁园博园7个采石场花园的设计,通过对场地景观特征的挖掘和恰当的人工介入,建立了融合于场地而又具有鲜明艺术特征的新景观体系。     

河北张家口矿山地质环境问题及生态修复治理对策

张家口市矿产资源丰富,是河北省矿产资源大市之一。由于矿产资源的不合理开发利用,引发了各种各样的矿山地质环境问题,矿山地质环境保护与恢复治理任务十分艰巨。张家口战略地位十分独特,既是北京的主要饮用水源地,又是西部和北部风沙侵入京津的两条通道,张家口的生态环境严重影响和决定着首都北京的生态环境。京津冀协同发展、建设“首都水源涵养功能区和生态环境支撑区”和北京市携手张家口承办“2022年冬奥会”的3个重大历史机遇,也倒逼张家口必须尽快修复和治理各类矿山环境地质问题,促进张家口转型升级、绿色崛起。通过分析张家口矿产资源利用现状和主要的矿山地质环境问题分类,从矿山地质环境管理、生态修复治理的政策、思路、资金渠道和技术方法方面为矿山环境修复治理提供了对策。     

A conceptual model of riparian forest restoration for natural flood management

There is an increasing emphasis on using natural processes, including riparian forest restoration, to enhance the ecological, hydrological and geomorphological functioning of watercourses. However, we have insufficient knowledge on how the supply and retention of in‐channel wood from riparian forest stands changes with age, with inferences typically based on data from terrestrial forests. This presents a challenge in estimating the efficacy and functional lifespan of restoration projects. In this paper, we use a riparian forest growth model to show there is a lag of up to 40–50 years between the start of forest growth and trees delivering wood to the channel that is large enough to resist fluvial transport, anchor logjams and so increase channel complexity and hydraulic resistance. Resource managers need to account for realistic timescales over which changes promoted by riparian woodland restoration will occur and may need to consider using interim engineered logjams as the forest develops.     

Hydromorphological,hydraulic and ecological effects of restored wood: findings and reflections from an academic partnership approach

Large wood (re)introduction can deliver multiple benefits in river restoration, but there is a dearth of the detailed and longer‐term post‐project monitoring and evaluation required for improving best practice. We present findings from an academic partnership approach to post‐project evaluation, based on successive MSc research projects on restored large wood in the Loddon catchment, UK. Field and modelling data reveal: (i) key differences in large wood features between restored and natural reaches; (ii) increased hydraulic retention and changes to mesohabitats associated with large wood; (iii) differences in macroinvertebrate community composition around large wood but a lack of site‐level effects; (iv) interactions between macrophytes and large wood that may be specific to restored reaches; (v) a need for further field and modelling studies to inform the accurate representation of large wood in hydraulic models. Some key challenges in partnership working are identified to aid planning and effectiveness of future collaborations.     

基于河道治理的河流生态修复

在人类的生活中,水是人类生命之源,是其他生产生活进行的保障。而河道河流是掌握着水的储藏,可以说,河道掌握着人类的命脉。文章阐述了河道治理和和河流生态修复所面临的问题,探讨了河流生态修复的重点。     

高校基建修缮工程结算审计问题分析及对策探讨

本文从高职院校工程建设内审部门工作人员角度出发,分析了高职院校基建修缮工程结算审计阶段存在的普遍问题。并结合笔者在工作中的体会、认识,来寻求解决问题的办法、对策。     

Analysis of UK river restoration using broad‐scale data sets

This paper uses data from the UK River Restoration Centre's National River Restoration Inventory (NRRI) and the UK Environment Agency's River Habitat Survey (RHS) to analyse the relationship between restoration technique and the physical catchment context in which they have been implemented. Specifically we tested the relationship between categories of restoration technique and energy conditions, the relationship between restoration project and degree of channel modification, and whether the associations between restoration and physical catchment attributes have changed over time. Significant associations between categories of restoration technique and catchment variables were found, with direct morphological interventions needed in lower energy conditions; however, the analysis shows no change over time. This work shows that analysis of existing data sets can provide useful information to support the science and practice of river restoration and suggests that further analysis of existing ecological and geomorphological data sets provides an important learning opportunity to strengthen river restoration.     

Habitat translocation,rebuilding biodiversity and no net loss of biodiversity

Recent reviews of the priority policy options and research needs for nature conservation have identified the importance of new land use policies for restoring and rebuilding biodiversity including habitat banking, ‘no net loss’ of biodiversity, restoring flood plain functionality and ecologically coherent networks. Such policies are usually delivered by habitat creation, habitat restoration and habitat enhancement. Habitat translocation is another mechanism that can contribute to the delivery of these policies. Habitats can be restored and created by translocating ecological resources from sites as part of ongoing habitat management, where habitat diversity or early successional habitats are required. Habitat translocation can be used to salvage ecological features and their associated ecosystem services from sites for consented or permitted development projects. Critical success factors for translocation of aquatic and terrestrial habitats are identified. New policy issues and research topics relating to habitat translocation are proposed.